![]() ![]() Only BPF showed significant differences (p < 0.01). Three weeks after surgery, NRT was 581 ± 164 ms and BRT 1013 ± 260 ms, while BPF increased to 555 ± 200 N. NRT increased to 561 ± 218 ms, BRT to 1091 ± 404 ms and BPF decreased to 411 ± 191 N 5 days after TKR. Brake pedal force (BPF), neuronal reaction time (NRT), brake reaction time (BRT), and subjective parameters (pain, subjective driving ability) were measured preoperatively as well as 5 days, 3-4, and 6 weeks after TKR. Thirty patients (16 women, 14 men, age 66 ± 11 years) who received TKR of the right knee and 45 healthy controls (26 women, 19 men, age 32 ± 9 years) were asked to perform an emergency braking manoeuvre using a driving simulator. This prospective cohort study aimed to examine objective and subjective parameters in patients who underwent total knee replacement (TKR) to assess from when on driving a car can be deemed safe again. No significant differences were detected between age groups, suggesting that all drivers, regardless of age, may drive in a manner that impacts safety and traffic flow negatively when distracted. The results indicate that distracted driving, particularly texting, may lead to reduced safety and traffic flow, thus having a negative impact on traffic operations. In turn, more simulated vehicles passed the participant drivers while they were texting or talking on a cell phone than while undistracted. Distraction (in most cases, text messaging) had a significantly negative impact on traffic flow, such that participants exhibited greater fluctuation in speed, changed lanes significantly fewer times, and took longer to complete the scenario. Results revealed that, in general more lane deviations and crashes occurred during texting. A Repeated Measures Multivariate Analysis of Variance was employed to analyze continuous outcome variables and a Generalized Estimate Equation (GEE) Poisson model was used to analyze count variables. Both safety and traffic flow related driving outcomes were considered. ![]() Participants also completed questionnaires documenting demographics and driving history. Each drive was designed to represent daytime scenery on a 4 lane divided roadway and included three equal roadway portions representing Levels of Service (LOS) A, C, and E as defined in the 2000 Highway Capacity Manual. Seventy five participants 16-25 years of age (split into 2 groups: novice drivers and young adults) drove a STISIM simulator three times, each time with one of three randomly presented distractions. The present study examined the behavior of teens and young adults operating a driving simulator while engaged in various distractions (i.e., cell phone, texting, and undistracted) and driving conditions (i.e., free flow, stable flow, and oversaturation). Studies have documented a link between distracted driving and diminished safety however, an association between distracted driving and traffic congestion has not been investigated in depth. ![]()
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